Ahram Canadian Dental Journal follows many associations and committees, such as the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME), at all stages of the publishing process. That set standards and provide guidance for best practices in order to meet these requirements. Wolters Kluwer and Journal/Association are committed to meeting and upholding standards of ethical behavior at all stages of the publication process.  For a summary of our policies regarding duplicate posting, conflicts of interest, patient consent, etc. 

1. Duplicate or redundant publication is a publication that overlaps substantially with one already published, in press, or in an electronic media submission.
2. Duplicate Submission: Authors should not submit the same manuscript, in the same or different languages, simultaneously to more than one journal.
3. Duplicate and Prior Publication: Duplicate publication is publication of a paper that overlaps substantially with one already published, without clear, visible reference to the previous publication.
4. Preprints: Posting of work as a preprint may influence a journal’s interest in or priority for peer review and publication of that work.

Editors should consider retracting a publication if:

• They have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of major error (eg, miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (eg, of data) or falsification (eg, image manipulation)

• It constitutes plagiarism

• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (ie, cases of redundant publication)

 • It contains material or data without authorization for use.

 • Copyright has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issue (eg, libel, privacy)

• It reports unethical research
• The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest (a.k.a. conflict of interest) that, in the view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers. 

At the point of submission, policy requires that each author reveal any financial interests or connections, direct or indirect, or other situations that might raise the question of bias in the work reported or the conclusions, implications, or opinions stated - including pertinent commercial or other sources of funding for the individual author(s) or for the associated department(s) or organization(s), personal relationships, or direct academic competition.

If the manuscript is accepted, Conflict of Interest information will be communicated in a published statement.

Permission is required to reproduce material (such as illustrations) from the copyright holder. Articles cannot be published without these permissions.

The protection of a patient's right to privacy is essential. Please collect and keep copies of patients’ consent forms on which patients or other subjects of your experiments clearly grant permission for the publication of photographs or other material that might identify them. If the consent form for your research did not specifically include this, please obtain it or remove the identifying material.

All articles dealing with original human or animal data must include a statement on ethics approval at the beginning of the Methods section. This paragraph must contain the following information: the name and address of the ethics committee responsible; the protocol number that was attributed by this ethics committee; and the date of approval by the ethics committee. In addition for experiments involving animals you must state the care of animals and licensing guidelines under which the study was performed and report 

Plagiarism

Publications, evaluate submissions on the understanding that they are the original work of the author(s). Reuse of text, data, figures, or images without appropriate acknowledgment or permission is considered plagiarism, as is the paraphrasing of text, concepts, and ideas. All allegations of plagiarism are investigated in accordance with 

COPE guidelines are detailed at  https://publicationethics.org/files/u7140/plagiarism%20A.pdf.

Authorship

All authors must be confirmed that they have read and approved the research and they meet the authorship criteria as defined by The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE, believe that the paper represents honest work, and are able to validate the reported results. According to the ICMJE authorship criteria, authors must meet three conditions: 1) participating in data acquisition, analysis and interpretation, contributing to the design preparation 2) drafting or critically reviewing the article for important intellectual content 3) final approval of the version to be published. Contributors who do not qualify as authors must be mentioned under acknowledgments.